Integrated unit for reading identification information based on inherent disorder

ABSTRACT

The invention provides an authentication unit for reading identification and/or authentication information from a tag or object. The authentication unit includes a near-field reader configured to read a first identification feature based on inherent disorder, and a far-field reader configured to read a second identification feature, such as a bar code, optical characters, or an RFID tag. The near-field and far-field readers may be combined in a single integrated scanning module, which also includes circuitry for receiving signals from the readers, and an interface for communicating with a host device.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims the right of priority of U.S. provisionalapplication 61/380,735 filed with the US Patent and Trademark Office on8 Sep. 2010 and the right of priority of U.S. provisional application61/380,746 filed with the US Patent and Trademark Office on 8 Sep. 2010,the entire content of both of which is incorporated herein for allpurposes.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of the invention relate to the field of devices for readingauthentication and identification features based on inherent disorder.In particular, the invention relates to an integrated unit that is ableto read a first set of identification features based on inherentdisorder, and a second set of identification and/or authenticationfeatures.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Identification features such as bar codes, optical characters, RadioFrequency Identification (RFID), magnetic or optical strips, and othermeans of identifying or authenticating objects have been used forpurposes of identification, authentication, and tracking and tracing.Recently, “inherent disorder”-based features of objects have also beenused either alone or in combination with other identification featuresto uniquely identify objects and to provide evidence of the authenticityof objects for anti-counterfeiting purposes. An “inherentdisorder”-based feature is a feature based on a disordered material,wherein the structure of the disorder is used to identify the object.The disordered material may be a part of the object itself, or may bepart of a tag that is affixed to the object. Further, the disorderedmaterial may include a disordered coating, composite, or structure.

There are numerous previously known examples of the use of inherentdisorder for identification and authentication purposes. For example,Ingenia Technology Limited, of London, UK, has described a system thatuses the inherent disorder of fibers within paper, mapped usinglaser-speckle interferometry, to uniquely identify the paper. A morecomplete description of this technology can be found in PCT applicationWO 2006/016114.

Another previously known use of inherent disorder is shown in U.S. Pat.No. 7,380,128, assigned to Novatec, SA, of Montauben, France. Thispatent shows use of random bubbles within a transparent polymer foridentification and authentication. Optical methods are used to read thethree-dimensional layout of the bubbles within the polymer. Thisinformation can be used to provide a unique signature for a “bubbletag”, which is difficult or impossible to replicate.

Other inherent disorder-based identification and authenticationtechnologies include use of randomly distributed quantum dots ornanobarcodes, use of ink containing magnetic particles arranged in adisordered pattern, use of random “jitter” in the magnetic stripes ofcredit cards, and use of random distribution of taggant particles thatare invisible to human vision on an article (see PCT application WO2005/104008).

Additional inherent disorder-based tags that use a combination ofmagnetic and/or magnetisable and/or conductive and/or semi-conductiveand/or optically active particles and/or optically distinguishableparticles have been reported by the present applicant, BilcareTechnologies. These technologies are further detailed in commonly-ownedPCT applications WO 2005/008294, WO 2006/078220, WO 2007/133164, WO2007/133163, and WO 2009/105040.

Various signal detection systems based on optical, magnetic, andmagneto-optical effects are used to read these inherent disorderfeatures. Once read, information on the inherent disorder features canbe processed either in the reading device itself or in a back-endcomputer system to use the information for identification and/orauthentication purposes.

In most cases, these inherent disorder features are read from a veryshort range—often with the reader or detector in physical contact withthe surface from which the feature is being read. This is (in part) dueto the small scale of many inherent disorder features, and the highaccuracy with which they typically must be read.

In the field of anti-counterfeiting and authentication technology, it isadvantageous to use combinations of technologies for enhancedprotection. Accordingly, it may be advantageous to combine inherentdisorder features with other identification or authentication features,such as barcodes, magnetic strips, optical characters, RFID, or otheridentification technologies.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment, the invention provides an authentication unit thatincludes a near-field reader configured to read one or more firstidentification features based on inherent disorder; and a far-fieldreader configured to read one or more second identification features. Insome embodiments, the authentication unit further includes a housing,and the near-field reader and the far-field reader are both containedwithin the housing.

In some embodiments, the near-field reader includes an optical element,the far-field reader includes an optical element, and at least oneoptical element is shared between the near-field reader and thefar-field reader. In some of these embodiments, the at least one sharedoptical element includes a beamsplitter. In some embodiments, the atleast one shared optical element includes a switchable mirror. In someembodiments, the at least one shared optical element includes a lens. Insome embodiments, the lens is configured to be movable between aposition used for near-field reading and a position used for far-fieldreading.

In some embodiments, the authentication unit further includes an imagesensor that is shared by both the near-field reader and the far-fieldreader. In some of these embodiments, the image sensor may be a CMOSimage sensor or a CCD image sensor. In some embodiments, the imagesensor is configured to be mechanically moved relative to a near-fieldportion of the authentication and a far-field portion of theauthentication unit. In some such embodiments the image sensor isconfigured to be slidably moved between a position in an optical path ofthe near-field portion of the authentication unit and a position in anoptical path of the far-field portion of the authentication unit. Insome embodiments wherein the image sensor is configured to have relativemotion along an angular path between a position in an optical path ofthe near-field portion of the authentication unit and a position in anoptical path of the far-field portion of the authentication unit.

In some embodiments, the authentication unit includes a first imagesensor and a second image sensor, wherein the first image sensor isconfigured to be used by the near-field reader to read the firstidentification feature, and the second image sensor is configured to beused by the far-field reader to read the second identification feature.Each of these image sensors may be a CMOS image sensor or a CCD imagesensor.

In some embodiments, the near-field reader includes a first lens, andthe far-field reader includes a second lens. The first lens and thesecond lens may be arranged in a fixed spatial relationship to eachother.

In some embodiments, the authentication unit further includes aproximity sensing device. Here this will be termed a “proximity sensor”even though this may be a tactile or other switch which is depressedupon the reader being pushed against a surface. The near-field reader isactivated when the proximity sensor is in a first state, and thefar-field reader is activated when the proximity sensor is in a secondstate. In some of these embodiments, the proximity sensor may be a pushbutton (e.g. a tactile or other switch). The near-field reader may beactivated when the push button is in a pressed state, and the far-fieldreader may be activated when the push button is in an unpressed state.

In some embodiments, the authentication unit includes a first lightingelement and a second lighting element, wherein the first lightingelement is configured to be activated when the near-field reader is use,and the second lighting element is configured to be activated when thefar-field reader is in use.

In some embodiments, the near-field reader is configured to direct lightused for reading the first identification feature along a first opticalaxis, and the far-field reader is configured to direct light used forreading the second identification feature along a second optical axis.At least a portion of the second optical axis does not coincide with thefirst optical axis.

In some embodiments, the first identification feature based on inherentdisorder includes a disordered arrangement of magnetic or magnetisableparticles included in a magnetic fingerprint region of a tag or object.In some of these embodiments, the near-field reader includes amagneto-optical substrate that permits the disordered arrangement ofmagnetic or magnetisable particles in the magnetic fingerprint region tobe detected optically. The near-field reader may be further adapted toread an optical feature that overlaps with the magnetic fingerprintregion on the tag or object. In some embodiments, this optical featuremay include a barcode. In some embodiments, the authentication unit mayinclude a magneto-optical substrate configured to permit light to passthrough the magneto-optical substrate to read the optical feature aswell as the first identification feature. The near-field reader mayinclude a first lighting element configured to emit light having a firstwavelength for reading the first identification feature, and a secondlighting element configured to emit light having a second wavelength forreading an optical feature. The magneto-optical substrate may include awavelength selective mirror layer, such as a dichroic mirror ordielectric mirror, configured to reflect light of the first wavelength,and to permit light of the second wavelength to pass through thewavelength selective mirror. Hereinafter the terms “dichroic” and“dielectric” mirror are used interchangeably to mean a mirror that isable to selectively reflect a portion of the visible spectrum.Alternately, or in addition, the magneto-optical substrate may include amirror layer which does not cover the entire field of view such thatthere is a hole for light to pass the mirror and be detected by theimage sensor.

In some embodiments, the near-field reader, which is configured to readat least a first identification feature based on inherent disorder, isselected from a reader that reads features of the inherent disorder offibers within paper, a bubble tag reader, a reader for randomlydistributed quantum dots or nanobarcodes, a reader for a non-magnetic orweakly magnetic matrix material containing magnetic particles arrangedin a disordered pattern, a reader for random jitter in the magneticstripes of credit cards, a reader for randomly distributed taggantparticles that may be invisible to unassisted human vision, and a readerfor magnetic and/or magnetisable and/or conductive and/orsemi-conductive and/or optically active particles and/or opticallydistinguishable particles. In some embodiments, the far-field reader isselected from a barcode reader, an optical character reader, and an RFIDreader.

Some embodiments of the invention provide a scanning module thatincludes an authentication unit of one of the previously mentionedembodiments, combined with circuitry configured to receive signals fromthe authentication unit, and an interface configured to communicate witha host device.

In some embodiments, the authentication unit, the circuitry, and theinterface are all mounted on a single PCB. In other embodiments, theauthentication unit is connected via a cable to a PCB on which thecircuitry and interface are disposed.

In some embodiments, the circuitry includes a microcontroller and amemory. The memory may contain instructions that, when executed by themicrocontroller, cause the scanning module to operate in a selectedoperation mode.

Further embodiments of the invention provide an authentication unit thatincludes a first near-field reader configured to read a firstidentification feature based on inherent disorder; and a secondnear-field reader configured to read a second identification feature,wherein the first identification feature and the second identificationfeature are arranged in a predetermined, non-overlapping spatialrelationship to each other.

In some embodiments, the first near-field reader, which is configured toread a first identification feature based on inherent disorder, is oneof a reader that reads features of the inherent disorder of fiberswithin paper, a bubble tag reader, a reader for randomly distributedquantum dots or nanobarcodes, a reader for a non-magnetic or weaklymagnetic matrix material, such as ink, containing magnetic particlesarranged in a disordered pattern, a reader for random jitter in themagnetic stripes of credit cards, a reader for randomly distributedtaggant particles that may be invisible to unassisted human vision, anda reader for magnetic and/or magnetisable and/or conductive and/orsemi-conductive and/or optically active particles and/or opticallydistinguishable particles. In some embodiments, the second near-fieldreader may be any of these inherent disorder readers, a magnetic stripreader, a near-field barcode reader or a near-field RFID reader.

In some embodiments, the authentication unit is adapted to read a firstsignal from a first set of identification features and a second signalfrom a second set of identification features, wherein the sets ofidentification features are housed on, in, or near the tag or object tobe identified, and wherein the first set of identification featuresincludes a disordered material, and the first signal read from the firstset of identification features is dependent on the intrinsic disorder ofthe material. In some such embodiments, the second set of identificationfeatures may be a barcode, optical characters, a radio-frequencyidentification (RFID) tag, a smart chip, and/or magnetic informationwritten on a magnetic medium. In some such embodiments, theauthentication unit includes a reading element adapted to read at leastthe first signal from the first set of identification features and thesecond signal from the second set of identification features, while inother embodiments, the authentication unit includes a first readingelement adapted to read at least the first signal from the first set ofidentification features and a second reading element adapted to read thesecond signal from the second set of identification features.

In some embodiments, the authentication unit further includes aprocessing element configured to at least partially process the firstsignal and the second signal. The processor may be configured to linkthe first signal and the second signal, or to read only the secondsignal, depending on a sequence and/or a timing of reading the firstsignal and/or the second signal. The processor may be configured toprocess the first signal and/or the second signal either together orseparately, depending on a determination of which of the first signaland/or the second signal are present in a reading. In some embodiments,the authentication unit further comprises a communication elementadapted to communicably link with other components of the device inwhich the authentication unit is housed or to communicate directly witha remote/external device or system.

Some embodiments of the invention provide a system for reading andidentifying a tag or object adapted to be identified, the systemcomprising a device that includes an authentication unit as discussedabove, and one or more of a keyboard, a CPU, a screen, circuitry forexternal communications, a battery, one or more buttons, memory, andfirmware. The data used for identifying the tag or object may be storedin a memory of the device or the authentication unit. Alternatively, thesystem may include a backend server that stores data used foridentifying the tag or object, and wherein the device communicates withthe backend server to identify the tag or object.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings, like reference characters generally refer to the sameparts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarilyto scale, emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating theprinciples of the invention. In the following description, variousembodiments of the invention are described with reference to thefollowing drawings, in which:

FIGS. 1A and 1B show top and perspective views, respectively, ofmagnetic particles used in a tag to be read as an inherent disorderfeature in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 2A and 2B show further example tags with identification featuresthat can be read in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 3A-3E show various views of an example tag on which magnetic andoptical information overlap, and that can be read in accordance with anembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 4 shows a cross-sectional view of an example reading element forreading magnetic features of a tag;

FIG. 5 shows a cross-sectional view of an authentication unit havingboth a near-field inherent disorder reader and a far-fieldidentification and/or authentication feature reader in accordance withan embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 6A and 6B show cross-sectional views of another example of anauthentication unit in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 7A and 7B show cross-sectional views of a further example of anauthentication unit in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 8 shows a cross-sectional view of yet another example of anauthentication unit in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 9A and 9B show cross-sectional view of another example of anauthentication unit in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 10A and 10B show cross-sectional views of a further example of anauthentication unit in accordance with an embodiment of the inventionthat uses mechanical movement of a lens system to switch between readinga near-field inherent disorder feature and reading a far-field feature;

FIGS. 11A and 11B show optical paths for the example embodiment of FIGS.10A and 10B;

FIGS. 12A and 12B show cross-sectional views of another example of anauthentication unit in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 13A-13D show views of yet another example of an authenticationunit in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIGS. 14A and 14B show integrated scanning devices includingauthentication units in accordance with embodiments of the invention;

FIG. 15 shows an overall view of an anti-counterfeit system utilizing areading device that includes a scanning module in accordance with anembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 16 shows an alternative embodiment of an authentication unitincluding both a near-field inherent disorder reader and a far-fieldidentification and/or authentication reader;

FIG. 17 shows a further alternative embodiment of an authentication unitincluding both a near-field inherent disorder reader and a far-fieldidentification and/or authentication reader;

FIG. 18 shows an alternative embodiment of an authentication unitincluding a first near-field inherent disorder reader and a secondnear-field identification and/or authentication reader; and

FIGS. 19A and 19B show a reading device that includes both a near-fieldinherent disorder reader and a far-field identification and/orauthentication reader in accordance with a further alternativeembodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 20 shows a block diagram of a system including an authenticationunit in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

DESCRIPTION

As discussed above, it may be useful in identification, authentication,and anti-counterfeiting systems to use more than one type ofidentification technology for enhanced protection. Accordingly, theinvention provides a single, integrated unit that includes both aninherent disorder-type reader, and a reader for at least one otheridentification and/or authentication feature. By placing both of thesereaders into the same integrated unit, efficiencies, such as sharingportions of the optics, can be achieved. A single, integrated unitcontaining such readers and the electronics to decode the signalsprovided by the readers (referred to herein as a “scanning module”) canbe integrated into larger host devices for a variety of applications bythe manufacturers of such devices, without requiring the manufacturersof such application-specific host devices to fully understand, design,or manufacture the readers for the inherent disorder feature or the atleast one other identification and/or authentication feature.

Because reading of inherent disorder features is often done at closerange (typically 10 cm or less, but more typically less than 3 cm), dueto the scale of the features and the desired accuracy of the readings,the first reader in a scanning module according to an embodiment of theinvention may be usable at close range, or (in some embodiments) withthe reader in contact with the feature that is being read. Such a readerwill be referred to as a “near-field” reader, since it reads features ata close range, i.e. where at least one portion of the reader is within10 cm of the features at some stage during the reading of said features.

Because other identification features, such as barcodes or RFID aretypically readable at a slightly longer range (e.g., typically between 6and 60 cm for bar code readers, and often a meter or more forRFID—depending on the type of RFID tag), the second reader in thescanning module according to an embodiment of the invention may be alonger range reader. Such a reader will be referred to as a “far-field”reader, since it reads features at a farther range.

Alternatively, in some embodiments, the inherent disorder reader and thesecond reader may both be near-field readers that read features having apredetermined non-overlapping spatial relationship.

Using an embodiment having both a near-field and a far-field readerpermits a reading device in accordance with an embodiment of theinvention to be used as, e.g., a “normal” barcode reader, that can alsoread a special inherent disorder-based authentication oranti-counterfeiting feature when there is an indication that such extrasecure authentication might be useful. For example, if a user who isscanning barcode or RFID tags notices that a tag attached to an objectmay have been tampered with, it is possible, in accordance with anembodiment of the invention, to use the reader containing the sameintegrated scanning module to perform a second check, using an inherentdisorder-based feature, which is more difficult or practicallyimpossible to tamper with or counterfeit.

A first example embodiment of the invention reads an inherent disorderfeature based on random positions of magnetic particles in a fixed area,such that the area possesses a unique pattern of such magnetic particlesat a fine resolution. As shown below, a tag for use with this embodimentincludes a disordered array of magnetic or magnetisable particlesforming a magnetic fingerprint region.

FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B respectively show a top view and a perspective viewof magnetic particles 104 (preferably of high magnetic coercivity) usedin a tag 102 to be read as an inherent disorder feature in accordancewith an embodiment of the invention. To obtain a clear magneto-opticalsignal, particles 104 of high coercivity magnetic materials which have ahigh magnetic flux forming the magnetic fingerprint region 106 should beused. FIG. 1B shows that in this embodiment, the magnetic particles 104form a layer sandwiched between a base layer 108 and a cover layer 110.The base layer 108 and cover layer 110 are generally formed from filmsof material, with the base layer 108 providing a support for themagnetic particles 104 and the cover layer 110 providing protection fromthe environment and from abrasion. The maximum thickness that can beused for the cover layer 110 is dependent on the strength of themagnetic fields produced by the magnetic particles 104 (the strength ofthe magnetic field is itself a function, for example of the remnancemagnetization of the magnetic particles 104, their size, the orientationof the magnetic particles 104 and the direction of magnetism), the sizeand distance between the particles, the sensitivity of the readingelement being used to read the magnetic fields, and the expectedresolution of the overall system.

The magnetic particles 104 may be distributed within a non-magnetic (orweakly magnetic) matrix material, such as a polymeric material, ametallic material, a glass material, or a ceramic material. Thenon-magnetic or weakly magnetic material provides one or more of:protection for the particles (particularly protection against moistureif the particles are prone to corrosion), cohesion between the particlesand the other layers present (i.e. the non-magnetic material locks themagnetic particles in place—a form of adhesive, for example), and easeof application of the particles to the base or cover layer. In suchcases the “magnetic particles 104” is understood to include thenon-magnetic or weakly magnetic matrix material where applicable. Incertain cases there may be no specific base layer 108 and the magneticparticles 104 may be directly in contact with an adhesive layer at thebase of the tag, or they may be exposed.

The magnetic particles 104 may include a high coercivity material. Anexample of such a high coercivity material is a neodymium magnetcomprising Nd, Fe and B. The magnetic particles 104 may include aferrimagnetic material, an antiferromagnetic material, a ferromagneticmaterial, or domains of varying magnetic properties within a continuousmaterial (including voids causing variable magnetic properties) andcombinations thereof. The ferromagnetic material may be selected fromthe group consisting of MnBi, CrTe, EuO, CrO₂, MnAs, Fe, Ni, Co, Gd, Dy,corresponding alloys and oxides of Fe, Ni, Co, Sm, Gd, Dy, andcombinations thereof.

FIGS. 2A and 2B show further examples of tags 102 with identificationfeatures that can be read in accordance with an embodiment of theinvention. Since additional identification features provide additionalsecurity or information, multiple identification features may beadopted. Some of these additional identification features that might beread in accordance with embodiments of the invention include, but arenot limited to, magnetic barcodes, magnetic borders, magneticalphanumeric characters, magnetic fiducial marks, optical barcodes(linear and 2-dimensional, including various industry standards such asDataMatrix), optical fiducial marks, optical alphanumeric characters,and other visible markings. As further examples, the tag 102 may includea Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) chip, security inks or ahologram. A barcode 202 is shown in FIG. 2A as overlapping with themagnetic fingerprint region 106. The barcode 202 may be printed inregular ink, or in some embodiments may be printed using covert inkssuch as ultraviolet or infrared “optical” inks that cannot be easilydetected by the naked human eye under white light but can be detectedand read by using a suitably adapted reading device or by illuminatingthe tag 102 with one or more particular wavelengths of theelectromagnetic spectrum. Magnetic and optical identification featuresmay be positioned at the same position with respect to the scan area bymeans of using multiple layers, or may be positioned in any otherpredetermined spatial relationship to each other (including bothoverlapping and non-overlapping configurations).

FIG. 2A shows a tag 102 with a magnetic fingerprint region 106. Atwo-dimensional barcode 202 is partially overlapping the magneticfingerprint region 106 and a plurality of magnetic alphanumericcharacters 206 are positioned at the four corners of the two-dimensionalbarcode 202. Note that although the magnetic fingerprint region 106 isshown in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B, the fingerprint region 106 may be situatedbehind an opaque cover layer that the barcode 202 is printed on.Therefore, a user may not actually see the fingerprint region 106.Furthermore, magnetic and optical features may overlap while placed onthe same or different layers of a tag 102.

FIG. 2B shows another example of a tag 102 with a magnetic fingerprintregion 106. A two-dimensional barcode 202 is overlapping the magneticfingerprint region 106. The two-dimensional barcode 202 is surrounded bya border 208, and a first fiducial marking 210 is positioned at theupper-right corner of the border 208. A second fiducial marking 212 ispositioned on the upper-left corner, adjacent to the second fiducialmarking 208. Magnetic alphanumeric characters 214 are positionedadjacent to the border 208.

In some embodiments, a reading element may read overlapping optical andmagnetic features of the tag 102. Overlapping and similar terms are tobe understood to mean located in the same area, superimposed, or on topof each other. Optical and magnetic features of the tag 102 may overlapon the same or different layers of the tag 102. Reading overlappingoptical and magnetic features may allow for a smaller tag 102. It alsomay provide more accurate correlation between the magnetic and opticalfeatures, since the optical features that are used as a reference forfingerprint matching of the magnetic features are physically closer tothe magnetic features. An integrated scanning module for reading boththe optical and magnetic features is described below. In someembodiments, the optical features of the tag 102 may be read at adistance, using the long range reading portion of the integratedscanning module, while the magnetic features (i.e., the inherentdisorder feature of the tag) may be read by a close range or contactreading portion of the integrated scanning module. In some embodiments,at least some of the optical features may be read by both the short- andlong-range portions of the integrated scanning module.

FIGS. 3A to 3E show various views of an example tag 102 where themagnetic information and the optical information overlap. In FIG. 3A,the tag 102 may include a cover layer 110 which has an optical barcode(not shown) (herein a “barcode” is taken to include datamatrix codes andother machine readable optical information) printed on its top surface,a magnetic fingerprint region 106 which may be in the form of a layerpositioned below the cover layer 110, and an adhesive layer 302positioned below the magnetic fingerprint region 106. Note that abarcode is shown as the optical marking purely for illustrativepurposes. The description that follows for this figure and other figuresshould be considered to be general and not confined to barcodes.

FIG. 3B shows a top optical view of the tag 102. Optical information inthe form of a barcode 202 which has been printed on the surface of thetag 102 may be seen from the top view of the tag 102.

FIG. 3C shows a top magnetic view of the tag 102. If the user is able totake a magnetic image of the tag 102, the user can effectively look“through” the cover layer 110 and the optical information 202 and “see”the magnetic particles 304 or the magnetic fields contained within themagnetic fingerprint region 106.

FIG. 3D shows a top view of the composite image (i.e. the optical andmagnetic features superimposed on each other). It is clear that whenviewed from the top, the barcode 202 and the magnetic particles 304overlap each other.

When the tag 102 is scanned by a reading element capable of reading onlyoptical or magnetic features in a given area, FIG. 3E illustrates theresulting scan, wherein, for purposes of illustration, one half of themagnetic fingerprint region 106 is scanned and the other half of theoptical barcode 202 is scanned. In the case where the optical barcode202 is a datamatrix code (as shown), or another two-dimensional barcodesymbol, scanning only half of the area may not be sufficient to fullyinterpret the information encoded in the bar code.

In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, the optical features(i.e., the barcode 202) may be read from a distance, using, for example,conventional methods of reading barcodes. For example, an LED or otherlight source may be used to illuminate the barcode 202, and an image ofthe barcode 202 may be projected onto a charge-coupled device (CCD) or acomplementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor. The imagefrom the image sensor may then be analyzed to read the informationstored in the barcode. Barcode readers of this and other sorts are knownin the art, and any far-field barcode reading technology could be usedin a portion of an integrated scanning module in accordance with anembodiment of the invention. Barcode readers of this sort are generallysuitable for reading a number of one-dimensional bar code symbologies,including (but not limited to) EAN/UPC, RSS, Code 39, Code 128, UCC/EAN128, ISBN, ISBT, Interleaved, Matrix, Industrial and Standard 2 of 5,Codabar, Code 93/93i, Code 11, MSI, Plessey, Telepen, and postal codes,as well as two-dimensional bar code symbologies, including (but notlimited to) Data Matrix, PDF417, Micro PDF 417, Maxicode, QR, Aztec, andEAN.UCC composite.

FIG. 4 shows a cross-sectional view of an example reading element 402for reading the magnetic features (i.e., the inherent disorder feature)of a tag, such as is shown in FIGS. 1-3. It will be understood that thereading element 402 described with reference to FIG. 4 is for thepurpose of explaining the process of reading the magnetic features. Amore compact design of such a reading element, combined into anintegrated authentication unit along with a reading element for at leasta second identification or authentication feature in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention will be shown and described below.

The reading element 402 in FIG. 4 includes an optical processing unit404 and a magneto-optical substrate 406. The optical processing unit 404includes a plurality of components, the components including a lightsource 408, two polarizers 410 and 412, a beam splitter 414, a lenssystem 416 (although just one lens is shown in FIG. 4, it will beunderstood that, in general, a series of lens elements may be used toachieve a good quality image), and an optical detector 418, for examplea CCD or CMOS image sensor.

The configuration shown and described in relation to FIG. 4 is merelyfor illustration and the configuration can vary. For example, thepositioning of the polarizer 412 and the lens system 416 can beinterchanged or the polarizer 412 can be placed within the lens system416. Further, some of the lenses within the lens system 416 may bepositioned in front of the beam splitter 414, or the beam splitter 414may be within the series of lens within the lens system 416.Additionally, if the light source 408 emits polarized light, then onlyone polarizer might be needed, or it might be possible to use onepolarizer combined with a polarizing beam splitter, for example.

The magneto-optical substrate 406 comprises an optically transparentsubstrate 420 and a plurality of magneto-optic coatings such as a firstcoating layer 422, a second coating layer 424 and a protective layer426. Various suitable arrangements are possible. For example, asdisclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,920,538, the optically transparentsubstrate 420 can be a mono-crystalline garnet (such as a gadoliniumgallium garnet which may further contain other components such asscandium), the first coating layer or magneto-optic film 422 may be aFaraday rotator (comprising, for example, a ferrite-garnet film), thesecond coating layer or reflective layer 424 can be a Kerr rotator(comprising, for example, gadolinium ferrite), and the second coatinglayer 424 may be further coated with a reflective or transparentprotective layer 426.

The light source 408 may be a polarized source or a non-polarizedsource. Some examples of a polarized source include certain types oflasers, and some examples of a non-polarized light source include alight emitting diode (LED). Further, the light source 408 may bemonochromatic, although other options, such as a white light source, mayalso be suitable. Light from the light source 408 passes through thefirst polarizer 410 and is then incident on the beam splitter 414. Asignificant proportion of the light is reflected by the beam splitter414 towards the magneto-optical substrate 406. At least a portion ofthis light is reflected by one or more of the magneto-optic coatings422, 424 and 426 and travels back towards the beam splitter 414. Asignificant proportion of the light passes through the beam splitter414, travels through the lens system 416 and the second polarizer 412before it reaches the optical detector 418 which captures an imagerepresentative of the magnetic fields present at the magneto-opticcoating layers 422, 424, and 426. Note that although in FIG. 4 the lightpath is generally represented arrows, this is not intended to imply thatthe light only travels along that single path. Generally, the light maybe over an area wide enough to image the desired area of themagneto-optic substrate 406. Note further that the second polarizer 412is rotated with respect to the polarization of the incoming light (inFIG. 4 the “polarization of the incoming light” means the polarizationimmediately after the light has passed through the first polarizer 410).The second polarizer 148 may be tuned with respect to the polarizationof the incoming light (or vice versa) to ensure the maximum imagecontrast depending on the magnetic fields being measured. Note that whena polarized source is used, only one polarizer is needed.

All images herein are not to scale. For example, the magneto-opticalsubstrate shown in FIG. 4 (and other figures) is often thickened withthe rest of the figure in order to allow clear demarcation of thevarious coating layers.

The protective layer 426 serves to protect the first coating layer ormagneto-optic film 422 and the second coating layer or reflective layer424 from any damage. The protective layer 426 may be a hard thin coatingsuch as diamond like carbon (DLC) or tetrahedral amorphous carbon(ta-C), or it may be transparent such as aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), but isnot so limited. The thickness of the protective layer 426 is in therange of a few nanometers to a few microns, depending on the chosenmaterial and its internal stresses, but is not so limited.

The components in the optical processing unit 404 and the layerarrangement in the magneto-optical substrate 406 may have a fixedspatial relationship with respect to each other. By this we mean that atleast the main optical components (for example, the optical detector418, the lens system 416, the polarizers 410 and 412, the beam splitter414 and the magneto-optical substrate 406) are all fixed with respect toeach other such that they may be considered as forming a solid unit,i.e. the reading element, 402.

The reading element 402 may use magneto-optical reading of the tag 102wherein light is internally reflected inside the reading element 402 bymagneto-optical substrate 406. This means that the light being used toanalyze the magnetic fields does not reflect off the surface of the tag102. If this is the case, because the magneto-optical substrate 406allows little to no light to pass through, optical information locatedon the surface of tag 102 cannot be read.

Alternatively, at least some light passes through the first coatinglayer 422, the second coating layer 424 and the protective layer 426.Assuming that the surface of the tag 102 is sufficiently reflective,light will also be reflected from at least some portions of the surfaceof the tag 102 and pass back through the reading element 402 to becaptured by the optical detector 150. That is, at least a portion oflight is reflected from the surface of the tag 102 and not internallyreflected within reading element 402. Assuming that at least portions ofthe tag 102 are sufficiently reflective, the optical detector 150 willdetect a combination of the light as altered by the magnetic featuresand optical features.

Further alternative arrangements may be used to read both the magneticand optical features using the same reading element. For example,different wavelengths of light may be used for interpreting the barcodeand the magnetic features. If the magneto-optical substrate workspreferentially in the green domain, then that domain can be used to readthe magnetic information, while the red domain, for example, could beused to interpret the optical information. This kind of system may beimproved further by using two different light sources in the readingelement—the green light source is polarized for example while the redlight source is left unpolarized. Further, a wavelength selective secondcoating layer 424 could be used, such as a dichroic or dielectricmirror. Dichroic and dielectric mirrors are thin film mirrors thatreflect a selected wavelength of light (or range of wavelengths) whileallowing the other wavelengths to be transmitted through the mirror.Thus, the second coating layer 424 could include a wavelength selectivemirror that reflects green light but allows red light to be transmitted.This configuration allows the red domain of the image to be an opticalimage, while the green domain is an image of the magnetic features.

Referring now to FIG. 5, a first illustrative embodiment of anintegrated authentication unit 500 in accordance with an embodiment ofthe invention is described. An optical processing unit (such as a CMOSimage sensor) 520 is mounted on a printed circuit board (PCB) 510. Thereis a beamsplitter 540 mounted in front of the optical processing unit520 at 45° to the surface of the imaging. Light that passes through thebeamsplitter 540 from above comes from the optics which are designed toobtain an optical image of a remote object or surface. These opticsinclude a series of lens elements 570, 571 and 572 and a pinhole 560.The remote object or surface is preferably illuminated by lightingelements 550 and 551 (these lighting elements could, for example belight emitting diodes, “LED”s).

Light that is reflected towards the optical processing unit 520 by thebeamsplitter 540 comes from the magneto-optic/optic imaging portion ofthe authentication unit 500 that is designed to obtain magnetic andoptical information (e.g., which may contain bar-code information,fiducial marks, etc.) from an object or surface which is in contact orin close proximity to the magneto-optical substrate 580. This portion ofthe authentication unit comprises a first polarizer 590 situated infront of a lighting element 553 (which could be an LED). It may alsocomprise a second lighting element 552 (which may be an LED of adifferent wavelength than the lighting element 553). A mirror surface545 (which could alternatively be a prism) is used to redirect light.This portion of the authentication unit 500 also comprises a series oflens elements 573, 574 and 575 and a pinhole 561. There is also a secondpolarizer 591 and the magneto-optical substrate 580. In addition, theauthentication unit 500 has a protective housing 530 which both protectsthe various components of the housing and also ensures that at leastsome of the components are kept at a substantially fixed spatialrelationship to each other.

Note that the beamsplitter 540 could be any type of beamsplitter, e.g. aplate beamsplitter or a cube beamsplitter. Alternatively, it could bereplaced by a switchable mirror, and similar effects could be obtainedusing various combinations of switchable mirrors, beamsplitters,electronic shutters, prisms, etc. This configuration enables theauthentication unit 500 to read optical information (such as barcodes)remotely and also to read magnetic/optical information (i.e., aninherent disorder feature) at close proximity to or in contact withmagneto-optical substrate 580.

In addition, in FIG. 5 and subsequent illustrations, it is contemplatedthat the outer surface of the magneto-optical substrate 580 may becoated with various layers including faraday rotating layers, protectivelayers and mirror layers. The mirror layer may be a dichroic (ordielectric) mirror layer, such that one range of wavelengths of lightare able to pass through the coating while another range of wavelengthsare reflected by the coating. For example, the dichroic mirror coatingmay be chosen to substantially transmit light with wavelengths longerthan ˜590 nm (e.g. orange/red light), while substantially reflectinglight at wavelengths below ˜590 nm (e.g. yellow/green/blue/violetlight). By controlling the light emitted from the lighting elements 552and 553 this dichroic mirror coating is able to provide clean magneticand optical images of the same substrate simultaneously. For example, ifthe lighting element 552 (which preferentially has no polarizer in frontof it) is chosen to be red (i.e. wavelength above ˜590 nm) then thisunpolarized red light will pass through the dichroic mirror and reflectoff the surface or tag which is in front of the magneto-opticalsubstrate. This reflected light will again pass through the dichroicmirror and be directed to the optical processing unit 520. Consequently,red light hitting the optical processing unit 520 (from this opticalpath) will contain only optical information about the surface or objectin front of the magneto-optical substrate 580. If the lighting element553 is chosen to emit green light (wavelength less than ˜590 nm), thisgreen light will be polarized by polarizer 590 and will be reflected bythe dichroic mirror layer. Therefore, this reflected green light hittingthe optical processing unit 520 will not carry any optical informationabout the surface or object in front of the magneto-optical substrate580. Instead, the green light hitting optical processing unit 520carries magnetic information about the surface or object in front ofmagneto-optical substrate 180.

This “information” is enhanced by rotating the polarization angle of thepolarizer 591 with respect to the rotation of the polarizer 590. Forexample, let us assume the idealized case where the magneto-opticalsubstrate locally rotates the reflected green light by 5° clockwise if astrong local magnetic north field is present at that point, but locallyrotates the reflected green light by 5° anti-clockwise if a strong localmagnetic south field is present. If no local magnetic field is present,then the reflected green light maintains its polarization angle and isnot rotated. Assume, for example, that the polarization angle of thepolarizer 591 is rotated clockwise by 85° with respect to the polarizer590. If no magnetic field is present then the reflected green lighthitting the polarizer 591 will be polarized at 85° degrees from thepolarization angle of the polarizer 591, and consequently very littlelight will pass through. If, however, there was a local south field, thereflected green light will have been rotated by 5° anti-clockwise, andconsequently when it hits the polarizer 591, it will be polarized at 90°to the polarizer 591. This means that very little, if any light willpass through. If, however, a local north field were present, thereflected green light would be rotated by 5° clockwise, and when it hitsthe polarizer 591, it would therefore be polarized at only 80° from thepolarization direction of the polarizer 591. Therefore, north magneticfields would appear as bright spots on an image taken by the opticalprocessing unit 520, south magnetic fields would appear as localdark/black regions, and the non-magnetic areas would appear as a dark(but not quite black) background. Using this kind of configuration, thereflected green light can be used to obtain magnetic information from asurface or substrate in contact or close proximity with themagneto-optical substrates 580.

Note that certain optical processing units, such as CMOS sensors, arewell-suited to split the image into red, green, and blue componentssince their surface is an array of individual red, green, and blue lightsensors. Therefore images taken with such CMOS sensors are inherentlysplit into their various red, green, and blue components (and, in fact,full color images from such sensors are a somewhat artificialcombination of these three components). Therefore, if a CMOS sensor isused for the optical processing unit 520, the images from red light andgreen light are automatically split, due to the nature of the CMOSsensor. It will be understood that the measured red, green and bluesignals from the CMOS may not be a pure representation of each of thered, green and blue light components respectively, and some mathematicalsubtraction/normalization steps may be needed. These techniques arewell-known as the effect is inherent in many CMOS sensors, so theirmanufacturers typically provide documentation on how to achieve this.

One problem which may arise from this, however, is cross talk betweenthe signals from the two different light paths (the one which is adaptedto optically image remote surfaces and objects and the other which isadapted to image magnetic/optical surfaces and objects which are infront of the magneto-optical substrate 580). This can be solved invarious ways, including some that are discussed below with respect toalternative embodiments. Among the other ways to deal with this is, forexample, to have the lighting elements 550 and 551 emitting green light,and to have the lighting elements 552 and 553 switched off, when it isdesired to read a remote optical surface or object. With this situation,and assuming that the magneto-optical substrate 580 is coated with thedichroic mirror layer described above, substantially all the green lightthat reaches the optical processing unit 520 will be from the desiredremote imaging optical path. For the purposes of imaging the substratein this case, the red and other light can be ignored, as it will containcross-talk from the optical path containing the magneto-opticalsubstrate 180. When it is desired to obtain information from the opticalpath that includes the magneto-optical substrate, then the lightingelements 550 and 551 may be switched off, and the lighting elements 552and 553 can be used (simultaneously or sequentially) to illuminate thesurface/object in front of the magneto-optical substrate 580. A shutter(not shown in FIG. 5) may be used to close off the pinhole 560.Alternatively, as described previously, the beamsplitter 540 couldactually be a switchable mirror which is activated to become completelyreflective.

Note that in FIG. 5 and other illustrations, various non-key componentsare purposefully left out in order to facilitate clear description ofthe key components. An example of a component which is purposefullyomitted in FIG. 5 is a flex circuit/cable to enable the printed circuitboard 510 to communicate with another mother board in the device inwhich the authentication unit 500 is housed. Also, a variety ofmodifications could be made to the design. For example, althoughlighting elements 550, 551, 552, and 553 are shown as single lightingelements, it will be understood that multiple lighting elements could beused in place of each of these lighting elements. Further, differenttypes of lighting, such as ring lighting could also be used. Further, anoff-axis design, such as is shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B, or other off-axislighting could be used, obviating the need to use the beamsplitter 540.

FIGS. 6A and 6B show another example embodiment of an authenticationunit 600, able to read optical information (such as barcodes) remotelyand also to read magnetic/optical information at close proximity to orin contact with magneto-optical substrate 580. In this embodiment, themirror 545 (shown in FIG. 5) is absent, and consequently the opticalpaths for reading remote optical information and contact/proximatemagnetic/optical information are at 90° from each other. Theauthentication unit 600 further comprises an outer housing 630, spring610 and sensor element 620.

In FIG. 6A, the authentication unit is shown in its standard position,i.e. where the spring element 610 is extended and the protective housing530 and its contents are pushed by the spring 610 away from the sensorelement 620. In this position, the optics, which are designed to obtainan optical image of a remote object or surface (which comprise the samelens elements and lighting elements, etc. as described with reference toFIG. 5), are in position to image remote objects/surfaces. As can beseen in FIG. 6A, in this position the pinhole 560, and lighting elements550, 551 are aligned with holes or gaps in the outer housing 630. Thisallows lighting and imaging of a remote object or surface to occur.

FIG. 6B shows the authentication unit 600 being pushed against a tag640. The tag 640 comprises at least one set of identification featureswhich are magnetic or from which a magnetic signal can be derived. Thetag 640 is attached to an object of value 650. When the authenticationunit 600 is pushed against the tag 640, the spring 610 compresses untilfinally, with enough pushing force, the sensor 620 is activated due toproximity or contact with the housing 530. Sensor element 620 can be anykind of proximity or contact sensor, switch or contact button, forexample a button which is activated upon contact with the housing 530.If the sensor element 620 is not a mechanical or push button “proximitysensor”, but an electronic proximity sensor that senses the distance ofthe housing 530, it may be set to be activated when the housing reachesa certain predefined distance from it. At this point, the optics forimaging remote surfaces or objects are blocked by the outer housing 630.As can be seen, the pinhole 560 is blocked by the outer housing 630, asare the lighting elements 550 and 551. Consequently, in this position,substantially all the light reaching the optical processing unit 520comes from the optics designed to obtain magnetic/optical informationfrom an object or surface which is in contact or in close proximity tothe magneto-optical substrate 580.

FIGS. 7A and 7B show another example embodiment of an authenticationunit 700. As shown in FIG. 7A, this unit employs an off-axis opticaldesign where the optical path for reading of contact/proximatemagnetic/optical information does not correspond to the axis of thefront lens elements 573, 574 and the magneto-optical substrate 580.Illustrative optical paths 710 for light reflecting from themagneto-optical substrate 580 towards the optical processing unit 520are shown in FIG. 7B. As can be seen, the optical path for remoteoptical imaging (light passing through the pinhole 560) is arranged atan acute angle to the optical path for reading of contact/proximatemagnetic/optical information. The configuration illustrated in FIG. 7can be modified in various ways. For example, shutters, switchablemirrors, etc. can be employed to ensure that there is substantially nocross-talk between the remote and proximate imaging systems. Inaddition, different acute angles or other modifications can be made.

FIG. 8 shows a further example embodiment of an authentication unit 800,which uses two optical processing units 802 and 804 (which may, forexample, be CMOS image sensors) to read both near-field and far-fieldauthentication and/or identification features in the same integratedunit. The authentication unit 800 further includes lenses 806 and 808,which are in both the near-field and far-field optical paths, and lenses810 and 812, which are in only the far-field optical path. A beamsplitter 814 (which may, optionally, be a switchable beam splitter orswitchable mirror) directs light to both the optical processing unit 802(and through a polarizer 816), for near-field (i.e. inherent disorderfeature) reading, and the optical processing unit 804, for far-fieldreading of identification or authentication features such as bar codes.

When the authentication unit 800 is being used for near-field reading ofboth optical and magnetic features, the lighting elements 552 and 553may be switched on, and the lighting elements 550 and 551 may beswitched off. Light from the lighting elements 553 passes through thepolarizers 590, and is reflected off of the magneto-optical substrate580 (which includes a dichroic or dielectric mirror layer, as discussedabove), carrying information on the magnetic features that are near themagneto-optical substrate 580. At least a portion of this reflectedlight passes through the beam splitter 814, and then through thepolarizer 816, to be read by the optical processing unit 802. Light fromthe lighting elements 552 passes through the magneto-optical substrate580, and is reflected from the surface of the tag or object that isbeing read. At least a portion of this light passes through the beamsplitter 814, and then through the polarizer 816, and is also read bythe optical processing unit 802. The positions of many of the componentsin the illustrations are for convenience and clarity only. For examplepolarizer 816 is shown as being attached to the front surface opticalprocessing unit 802 but it will be clear to anyone skilled in opticsthat this may not be the best position for it as any defects orscratches on the polarizer will be sharply imaged by the opticalprocessing unit. Having some gap may be a better solution but it is moredifficult to illustrate clearly.

When the authentication unit 800 is being used for far-field reading,the lighting elements 550 and 551 may be switched on, and the lightingelements 552 and 553 may be switched off. Light is reflected from thefeature being read at a distance (e.g., a bar code), and passes throughthe magneto-optical substrate 580. At least a portion of this light isreflected by the beamsplitter 814, and passes through lenses 810 and 812to be read by the optical processing unit 804.

FIGS. 9A and 9B show a further embodiment of an authentication unit 900,in which dichroic mirrors 902 and 903, and mirrors 905 and 907 directlight from far-field reading along the optical path 901 as shown in FIG.9A, and light from near-field reading along optical path 920 as shown inFIG. 9B.

When the authentication unit 900 is being used for far-field reading, asshown in FIG. 9A, the lighting elements 550 and 551 may be switched on,and the lighting elements 552 and 553 may be switched off. The dichroicmirrors 902 and 903 are configured such that they permit the light fromthe lighting elements 550 and 551 to pass through (to be projected ontothe optical processing unit 910), while reflecting the light from thelighting elements 552 and 553.

When the authentication unit 900 is being used for near-field reading,as shown in FIG. 9B, the lighting elements 552 and 553 may be switchedon, and the lighting elements 550 and 551 may be switched off. Lightfrom the lighting elements 552 and 553 reflects off of a dichroic orreflective layer of the magneto-optical substrate 580, and is reflectedby the dichroic mirror 902 so that it passes through the lens system 575and the polarizer 591 before being directed by the mirrors 905 and 907and the dichroic mirror 903 onto the optical processing unit 910.

Although an optional pinhole 560 is shown in the magneto-opticalsubstrate 580 in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B, it will berecognized that through use of a dichrioc mirror layer in themagneto-optical substrate 580, particular wavelengths of light may passthrough the magneto-optical substrate 560 during far-field reading, andthe pinhole 560 may be absent. It will be understood that the embodimentof FIGS. 9A and 9B is an example, and may be modified in a variety ofways, and/or combined with elements described with reference to otherembodiments.

Mechanical means can also be used to switch between near-field readingof inherent disorder features and far-field reading of other features.FIGS. 10A and 10B show an embodiment of an authentication unit 1000 inwhich a position of the lens system 1002 determines whether the systemis being used for near-field or far-field reading.

When the authentication unit 1000 is being used for far-field reading,as shown in FIG. 10A, the lighting elements 550 and 551 may be switchedon, and the lighting elements 552 and 553 may be switched off. The lenssystem 1002 may be mechanically positioned at a location relativelydistant from the magneto-optical substrate 580. The location of the lenssystem 1002 may be predetermined to permit far-field scanning at apredetermined distance, or may be adjustable over a range, to permit thesystem to focus at a range of distances for far-field scanning.Additionally, an automatic focus system (not shown) may be used todetermine an appropriate position for the lens system 1002 duringfar-field scanning. Light passing through the lens system 1002 isfocused by a second lens system 1004 onto an optical processing unit1010.

When the authentication unit 1000 is being used for near-field reading,as shown in FIG. 10B, the lighting elements 552 and 553 may be switchedon, and the lighting elements 550 and 551 may be switched off. The lenssystem 1002 may be mechanically positioned at a location relatively nearthe magneto-optical substrate 580, such that light reflected from themagneto-optical substrate 580 (i.e., light carrying information on themagnetic fields near the magneto-optical substrate 580), as well as froman object in close range from or in contact with the magneto-opticalsubstrate 580 is properly focused onto the optical processing unit 1010.

FIGS. 11A and 11B show the path of light beams 1102 and 1104 passingthrough the lens systems 1002 and 1004 of the authentication 1000 asdescribed above with reference to FIGS. 10A and 10B. FIGS. 11A and 11Bshow only relevant optical elements, the optical processing unit 1010,onto which the beams are focused, and the magneto-optical substrate 580,onto which beams are focused for near-field reading, as shown in FIGS.10B and 11B. As can be seen in FIG. 11A, when far-field reading isoccurring, the lens system 1002 is at a position relatively distant fromthe magneto-optical substrate 580, and focuses beams 1102 from adistance (shown in the figure only from passing through themagneto-optical substrate 580) onto the optical processing unit 1010. InFIG. 11B, when the system is configured for near-field reading, the lenssystem 1002 is positioned relatively near the magneto-optical substrate580, and can focus beams 1104 from the magneto-optical substrate 580onto the optical processing unit 1010.

Other mechanical means can also be used, as seen in the embodiment shownin FIGS. 12A and 12B. In the authentication unit 1200 show in FIG. 12A,an electro-mechanical component such as a solenoid or motor is used tochange the position of the optical processing unit 1220. The opticalprocessing unit 1220 is mounted on the PCB 510, which in turn is mountedon a moving structure 1202. the solenoid 1204 moves the moving structure1202 within a sliding profile 1206, between a position in which theoptical processing unit 1220 is used for near-field reading of aninherent disorder feature, and a position in which the opticalprocessing unit 1220 is used for far-field reading of another feature,such as a bar code. Detector switches 1208 and 1210 may be used todetermine the position of the optical processing unit 1220, and to stopthe solenoid 1204 when the optical processing unit 1220 is in anappropriate position. The solenoid 1204 may be activated to move theoptical processing unit between the position for reading a near-fieldinherent disorder feature and reading a far-field feature, for example,based on a scan trigger button on the scan device, or based on a modeselection on the scan device.

When used for near-field reading of an inherent disorder feature, asshown in FIG. 12A, the optical processing unit 1220 (mounted on PCB 510)is in a position that permits it to read an inherent disorder feature ata close range. FIG. 12B shows the optical processing unit 1220 in aposition that permits it to be used for reading a far-field feature,such as a bar code.

FIGS. 13A-13D show another embodiment, in which rotational movement isused to position an optical arrangement for near-field or for far-fieldscanning over an optical processing unit 1320. As shown in FIGS. 13A and13B, the near field portion 1302 and far field portion 1304 of theauthentication unit 1300 are disposed on a rotatable body 1306. Therotatable body 1306 is rotated by a stepper motor 1308 and gear sets1310. For near-field scanning of inherent disorder features, as shown inFIGS. 13A and 13B, the near field portion 1302 is rotated to be over theoptical processing unit 1320. A detector switch 1312, as shown in FIG.13B may be used to determine a “home” position for the device.

As shown in FIGS. 13C and 13D, for far field scanning—of a barcode, forexample, the far field portion 1304 may be rotated into a position overthe optical processing unit 1320. The stepper motor 1308 may be used tocontrol the rotation of the rotatable body 1306 to position the farfield portion 1304 at the correct position over the optical processingunit 1320.

As can be seen in each of the example embodiments described above, anear-field inherent disorder-based reader (in these examples, a readerfor reading magnetic features) is combined within the same integratedscanning module with a far-field reader for another type of feature,such as an optical bar code reader. By placing the two readers withinthe same integrated module, various parts that are common to bothreaders can be shared, such as the optical processing unit 520 in theembodiments described with reference to FIGS. 5-7, 9, 12, and 13, orportions of the optical path in the embodiment of FIG. 8, or both.Further an integrated scanning module containing at least an inherentdisorder reader and a second reader for another authentication oridentification feature provides a convenient unit, containingsubstantially all of the authentication/identification readingcapabilities that are used for a wide variety of applications in a formthat can be easily integrated into other devices designed for theseapplications.

In addition to the components described with reference to the exampleembodiments above, additional electronics may be useful, to receivesignals from the optical processing units and output a signalindicative, e.g., of the data encoded in a barcode or in an inherentdisorder feature. As shown in FIGS. 14A and 14B, in some embodiments, anintegrated scanning module 1400 may include an authentication unit 1402,such as the authentication units described with reference to FIGS. 5-13,and a PCB 1404 which includes further electronic components that areused to control the authentication unit 1402, and to decode andcommunicate the signals received by the authentication unit 1402. Inthese example embodiments, the PCB 1404 includes a microcontroller 1406,memory 1408, and an interface 1410. The memory 1408 and interface 1410are connected to the microcontroller 1406 via a bus (not shown). Thememory 1408 may store instructions that can be executed by themicrocontroller 1406, as well as data received from the authenticationunit 1402, and data for use during decoding or communicating withexternal devices. The interface 1410 may be, for example, a standardcommunication interface with well-defined communication protocols, suchas an RS232 interface, a USB interface, or an I²C interface. Theinterface 1410 is used to communicate with an external device into whichthe scanning module 1400 is integrated. In some embodiments, power forthe scanning module 1400 may be provided through the interface 1410. Inother embodiments, power may be provided to the scanning module 1400through a separate power connector (not shown).

As shown in FIG. 14A, the authentication unit 1402 may be directlyconnected to the PCB 1404 to form the complete integrated scanningmodule. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 14B, the authentication unit1402 may be connected to the PCB 1404 via a cable 1412. The cable 1412is shown in FIG. 14B as a ribbon cable, though it will be understoodthat other types of cables, including a flex cable or flex circuit, maybe used. Alternatively, the authentication unit 1402 and PCB 1404 may beconnected in other ways, such as by providing pads (not shown) on eithera PCB associated with the authentication unit 1402 or on the PCB 1404for a ball-grid array or other known connection to be formed between theauthentication unit 1402 and PCB 1404.

FIG. 15 shows an overall view of an anti-counterfeit system 1500utilizing a reading device 1504, which includes a scanning module inaccordance with an embodiment of the invention. Note that although thesystem 1500 shown here shows a basic reading device 1504 communicatingwith a data server 1508 via a mobile device 1506 (such as a mobilephone) or a computer 1510, it is also contemplated that the readingdevice 1504 may itself be more elaborate and may, for example,communicate to a database or data server 1508 via methods such as usingdata cables, local area networks, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WorldwideInteroperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) technology, or evenincluding using a built-in General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) chip or3G/Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) chip to itself actas a mobile telephonic device to communicate to the data server 1508.Although the data server 1508 is illustrated as one computer, it is alsounderstood that it may in fact be a series of computers or servers whichmay or may not be linked via a router or routing protocol, as such anyappropriate method of storing data and dealing with incomingauthentication signals is contemplated. The reading device 1504 may alsoinclude methods for direct communication with the user, for example ascreen and a keyboard, which may allow the user to read and enterinformation on the reading device 1504 itself. The anti-counterfeitsystem 1500 may include at least one tag 1502, a reading device 1504, amobile device 1506 or a computer 1510 (if no direct communication meansbetween the reading device 1504 and data server 1508 exists), and aremote data server 1508. Each tag 1502 comprises at least two sets ofidentification features, including one inherent disorder feature, suchas a disordered array of magnetic or magnetisable particles, randomlydistributed taggants or microbarcodes, an area where the configurationof paper fibers can be read, a piece of transparent polymer havingrandomly distributed bubbles, or another inherent disorder feature. Thetag also includes at least one other identification feature, such as abarcode, an optically readable serial number, a hologram, an RFID tag,or a magnetic strip.

The example identification features as shown in FIG. 15 includes adisordered array of magnetic or magnetisable particles forming amagnetic fingerprint region 1512, as well as a barcode. Each tag 1502 isattached to an object or an item of value 1562 to be identified. Thereading device 1504 is generally used for reading the barcode on the tag1502 at a distance. If there is an indication that the object 1562 towhich the tag 1502 has been attached may be counterfeit, or that the tag1502 has been altered or tampered with, then the reading device 1504 canbe used at close range or in contact with the tag 1502 to read themagnetic fingerprint region to verify the tag 1502. It is generally moredifficult to counterfeit, alter, or tamper with the inherent disorderfeatures of the tag 1502 than other features, such as a barcode.

The reading device 1504 has the capability to send a signal generatedfrom reading one or both of the identification features to the mobiledevice 1506 or the computer 1510. Encrypted signals from the readingdevice 1504 can be sent out to the mobile device 1506 or the computer1510 either through a wireless connection or a wired connection. Someexamples of wireless connection include Bluetooth and Wi-Fi and someexamples of wired connection include Recommended Standard 232 (RS232)and Universal Serial Bus (USB). The computer 1510 can be a personalcomputer, a workstation, a laptop, or a palmtop. The mobile device 1506can be a mobile (cellular) phone or a personal digital assistant (PDA),for example. The mobile device 1506 or the computer 1510 can connect tothe remote data server 1508 via the Internet. The mobile device 1506 mayconnect via a local network using General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) or3G/UTMS technology, for example.

In some embodiments of the invention, there is a level of built-inintelligence in the scanning module (e.g., based on the programmed codeexecuted by the microcontroller), which allows the signal(s) read fromthe identification features to be treated in different ways depending onthe sequence of read operations. For example, assume that a tag that hastwo sets of identification features wherein the first set ofidentification features comprises a disordered material and the secondset of identification features comprises a barcode. Assume further thata standard reading procedure is for the user to push the reading elementagainst the tag such that the device or authentication unit senses (e.g.via a pressure switch/sensor) that it should commence reading the signalfrom the first set of identification features. Thereafter, the userscans the barcode by pressing a switch on the reader and pointing ittowards the tag from a distance suitable for the barcode reading. If thereader is used in the above described sequence, and the switch forreading the barcode is depressed within one second of reading the signalfrom the first set of identification features; then the scanning modulemay link the signal derived from the first set of identificationfeatures with that derived from the barcode (i.e., the second set ofidentification features). In this way, the scanning module is able tolink the first set of identification features with the barcode numberprinted on the tag. It communicates this combined information to thereading device into which the scanning module has been integrated, whichin turn sends the information to a remote server which is able to verifyfrom its database (by using the tag's barcode number as the primarysearch key) that the signal derived from the first set of identificationfeatures is consistent with the signal that was read for that tag in aprevious (reference) reading. PCT application WO 2009/105040 providesexamples of how signals from a first set of identification features canbe used with signals from a second set of identification features andcan be stored as signatures within a remote database, and how thesesignatures can be searched and matched for authentication purposes.

Continuing with the example described above, if the sequence of usagediffers from what is discussed above, in that the user does not firsttry to read the first set of identification features, but insteaddepresses the button for barcode reading first, then the built-inintelligence of the scanning module treats the reading as a stand-alonebarcode reading without expecting reading of a signal from the first setof identification features. The data is then be sent to the readingdevice with an identifier (for example, a different header) indicatingthat the data is to be treated differently, (e.g. the barcode number isdisplayed to the user) without communicating any information to anadditional device.

In another embodiment of the built-in intelligence in the scanningmodule, the scanning module reads both sets of identification featuressubstantially simultaneously. The built in intelligence in the scanningmodule determines when a signal from a set of identification features issuccessfully acquired, (e.g., in the case of the barcode, it could bewhen a number is successfully decoded from the barcode signal). If nobarcode number is decoded within a pre-set time, then the scanningmodule concludes that the second set of identification features (in thisexample the barcode) is not present. The built in intelligence isconfigured such that the scanning module assesses the signal strengthfrom the first set of identification features and processes it only ifthe signal strength crosses a preset threshold to be considered assuccessfully read and identified for further processing. Similarly, thebuilt in intelligence of the scanning module assesses the signalstrength from the second set of identification features and processes itonly if the signal strength crosses a preset threshold to be consideredas successfully read and identified for further processing. For example,if both sets of identification features are determined to be present,they can be processed together.

In another embodiment, if only the first set of identification featuresis detected and identified as present, then, for example, the user isprompted to confirm that there was indeed only the first set ofidentification features present. If this is confirmed, then the signalis sent to an additional device for further processing (e.g. theadditional device can be a remote server and database and it matches thesignal against all the signals that exist within the database).

In another embodiment of the mode of operation, the user is prompted tomanually enter a number (associated with the first set of identificationfeatures) via a keyboard on the device, wherein the number is used asthe primary key to search the data in the remote database for a matchingsignature. If the user does not confirm that there was only the firstset of identification features present, then the system/scanning moduleis immediately reset for a rescan.

In another embodiment of the mode of operation, if only the barcode ispresent, then the system uses an alerting means (such as beeps) toinform the user that the barcode was successfully read, and the barcodenumber could be communicated to an additional device for storage orprocessing.

The embodiments described above by way of non-limiting examplesillustrate some of the modes by which the inbuilt intelligence of thescanning module is adapted and exploited to execute operations using thesignals from multiple sets of identification features. It is to beappreciated that it is possible to equip the built in intelligence inthe scanning module with diverse pre-settings, to respond to operationrequirements (such settings may be defined at start up, for example, byway of a configuration file, or could be communicated to the device,which in turn is instructed as to which setting is appropriate by way ofa toggle switch set by the user). Similarly, the device is equipped withbuilt in intelligence to operably link with additional devicesassociated with the scanning module to read and identify signals fromthe identifier sets.

Although the examples above have stressed the case where the datarequired to match the signatures is stored in a remote database, otherconfigurations are possible. For example the scanning module may havesufficient internal memory to store at least some reference signaturesor data, such that matching of the read signature is processed withinthe authentication unit itself. As used herein, the term “closed-loop”systems describes any system (such as the one described above) whereinthe data from the signal derived from the first set of identificationfeatures does not need to be communicated to an additional device formatching to occur. In other words, in a closed-loop system, the matchingoccurs within the scanning module (in some embodiments, even within theauthentication unit), or the device. Another closed-loop system exampleis where the scanning module is adapted to be able to read signaturematching information from an external memory device, such as a SecureDigital memory card (also known as an SD card or an SD memory card),which is plugged into a slot within the scanning module or the readingdevice such that the scanning module either has access to the requireddata or is passed the required data. Alternatively, the device itselfmay be equipped with sufficient memory to pass this information to thescanning module. Yet another alternative is for the reading device tohave the capacity to do the matching, in which case the obtained dataare passed from the scanning module to the reading device for matching.

Yet another example of a closed-loop system is where the informationnecessary for matching is stored within one of the identificationfeatures itself. For example, a sufficiently large data-matrix barcodeis able to store significant information, a part of which may beencrypted data used for matching the signature derived from the firstset of identification features associated with the same tag or objectwith which the data-matrix code is associated. RFID tags, for example,are also well suited for storing such data and providing it to thescanning module or device as required for matching.

As discussed above, embodiments of the present invention can use a widevariety of near-field and far-field readers in combination within anintegrated scanning module.

FIG. 16 shows one such additional combination. The authentication unit1600 of FIG. 16 includes a near-field reader 1602 for reading opticaland magnetic features, similar to the reader described above withreference to FIG. 8. Unlike the reader shown with reference to FIG. 8,the reader 1602 does not include lighting elements for far-fieldillumination, or a beam splitter, since there is no shared optical pathwith a far-field reader. The reader 1602 does, however, include lightingelements 1652 and 1653, polarizers 1690, disposed in front of thelighting elements 1653, lenses 1606 and 1608, a magneto-opticalsubstrate 1680, a pinhole 1661, a second polarizer 1616, and an opticalprocessing unit 1618. These parts are arranged in a similar manner tothat shown in FIG. 8, and operate in a similar manner when theauthentication unit 1600 is being used as a near-field reader, to read amagnetic inherent disorder feature.

The second reader in the authentication unit 1600 is an RFID reader1604. RFID reader 1604 is contained in the same housing 1650 thatincludes the near-field reader 1602. RFID reader 1604 includes knowncircuitry (not shown) for reading RFID tags at a distance. The RFIDreader 1604 may be connected to an antenna (not shown).

When using a combination of an optical reader and a non-optical readerin a single unit, such as the authentication unit 1600, it is notgenerally possible to share optical components between the readers,since one of the readers (i.e., RFID reader 1604) does not use opticalcomponents. Such combinations may still be able to share the electroniccomponents of a scanning module (see FIGS. 14A and 14B above) fordecoding signals, and a common housing. Additionally, such a combinationmay provide similar benefits of convenience in integrating the combinedunit into an application-specific reading device, and similarauthentication benefits, since an inherent disorder feature can be readto authenticate a tag or object when there is any question ofidentification or authenticity based on the far-field reading.

Embodiments of the invention also include embodiments with variousnear-field readers for reading inherent disorder features. For example,FIG. 17 shows an authentication unit 1700 that includes a near-fieldreader 1702, which reads the pattern of randomly distributed bubbleswithin a piece of transparent polymer (a “bubble tag”), as described,for example in U.S. Pat. No. 7,380,128, assigned to Novatec, SA, ofMontauben, France. As described in greater detail in U.S. Pat. No.7,380,128, the reader may include a dome-shaped portion 1720, includinglighting elements 1722 and 1724 disposed on the periphery of thedome-shaped portion 1720. When reading a bubble tag, the lightingelements 1722 and 1724 are lighted to provide diffuse lighting, whichprovides an image of the contours of the bubbles. This is immediatelyfollowed by taking another image, in which only the lighting elements1724 are lighted, while the lighting elements 1722 are dark, to providedirect lighting, providing an image of the bubble shadows. These imagescan then be analyzed to provide unique identification and/orauthentication information.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 17, light including the images of thebubble tag described above passes through a lens system 1725, and isreflected by a mirror 1726 towards a beam splitter 1744, which directsat least a portion of the light onto an optical processing unit 1742,which reads the images of the bubble tags. The optical processing unit1742 is shared with the second reader 1704 that is integrated into theauthentication unit 1700, for reading barcodes at a distance.

The second reader 1704 is similar to the far-field barcode readerdiscussed above with reference to FIG. 5. It includes lighting elements1746 and 1748, and lens system 1750. When reading a barcode, the barcodeis illuminated by lighting elements 1746 and 1748. Light reflected fromthe barcode passes through the lens system 1750, and at least a portionof the light passes through the beam splitter 1744, to be read by theoptical processing unit 1742.

Although the authentication unit 1700 shows a combination of anear-field bubble tag reader with a far-field barcode reader, it will beunderstood from the examples provided above that many alternativecombinations may be used. In accordance with embodiments of theinvention, a variety of near-field inherent disorder-based readers maybe used, such as a reader that uses the inherent disorder of fiberswithin paper, a bubble tag reader, a reader for randomly distributedquantum dots or nanobarcodes, a reader for a non-magnetic or weaklymagnetic matrix material, such as ink containing magnetic particlesarranged in a disordered pattern, a reader for random “jitter” in themagnetic stripes of credit cards, a reader for randomly distributedtaggant particles that are difficult to detect by unassisted humanvision, and/or a reader for magnetic and/or magnetisable and/orconductive and/or semi-conductive and/or optically active particlesand/or optically distinguishable particles. Similarly, a variety ofother far-field readers for a variety of identification and/orauthentication features can be combined with any of the above-mentionedinherent disorder readers, including readers for barcodes, opticalcharacters, RFID, or other identification technologies. In general,embodiments of the present invention could be made using any of thesenear-field inherent disorder readers in combination with any of thesefar-field identification and/or authentication feature readers.

Another embodiment of the invention involves the combination of twonear-field readers, at least one of which is a reader for an inherentdisorder feature, such that the near-field readers read features thatare placed in a predetermined, non-overlapping spatial relationship witheach other. Such a reader is shown in FIG. 18. The authentication unit1800 includes a first inherent disorder reader 1802, which reads aconfiguration of magnetic particles, such as is discussed above. Asecond near-field reader 1804—in this case a second inherent disorderreader for reading bubble tags, such as is shown in FIG. 17, is combinedwith the near-field reader 1802 within the same authentication unit1800.

The first inherent disorder reader 1802 includes lighting elements 1852and 1853, a polarizer 1890 disposed in front of the lighting element1853, a polarizer 1891, a magneto-optical substrate 1880, a lens system1873, a lens system 1875, a pinhole 1861, a mirror 1845, a beamsplitter1840, and an optical processing unit 1820. These elements are arrangedso that a near-field magnetic pattern overlapping or below a bar codecan be read as described above with reference to FIG. 5.

The second near field reader 1804 includes a dome-shaped portion 1830,including lighting elements 1832 and 1834 disposed on the periphery ofthe dome-shaped portion 1830. A lens system 1836 directs light fromreading a bubble tag through the beamsplitter 1840, so it can be read bythe optical processing unit 1820. The operation of such a bubble tagreader is described above with reference to FIG. 17.

The tags read by the authentication unit 1800 may include a magnetic tagwith a barcode, e.g., as described above with reference to FIG. 3, and abubble tag—i.e., a piece of transparent polymer containing randomlydistributed bubbles. For use with the authentication unit 1800, the tagsshould be placed in a non-overlapping spatial arrangement such that whenthe first inherent disorder reader 1802 is placed in the proximity of orin contact with the magnetic particle portion of the tag, the secondnear-field reader can be placed in the proximity of or in contact withthe bubble tag. Therefore, the spacing of the readers in theauthentication unit 1800 conforms to the spacing of the near-fieldfeatures on a tag.

It will be understood that although the authentication unit 1800includes a magnetic particle reader and a bubble tag reader, other typesof near field readers could also be combined. In accordance withembodiments of the invention, an inherent disorder reader, such as areader that uses the inherent disorder of fibers within paper, a bubbletag reader, a reader for randomly distributed quantum dots ornanobarcodes, a reader for a non-magnetic or weakly magnetic matrixmaterial containing magnetic particles arranged in a disordered pattern,a reader for random “jitter” in the magnetic stripes of credit cards, areader for randomly distributed taggant particles that are difficult todetect by unassisted human vision, and/or a reader for magnetic and/ormagnetisable and/or conductive and/or semi-conductive and/or opticallyactive particles and/or optically distinguishable particles, may becombined with another near-field reader, such as a reader for theabove-listed inherent disorder features, or a reader for othernear-field features, such as a magnetic strip reader, a near-fieldbarcode reader, or a near-field RFID reader. In accordance withembodiments of the invention, the readers are configured to read anear-field inherent disorder feature and a second near-field featurethat are arranged in a predetermined, non-overlapping spatialrelationship to each other.

In general, embodiments of the invention may include an authenticationunit that is adapted to read a first signal from a first set ofidentification features and a second signal from a second set ofidentification features, wherein the sets of identification features arehoused on, in or near the tag or object adapted to be identified, andinclude a disordered material, and the signal derived from said firstset of identification features is dependent on the intrinsic disorder ofthe material. The second set of identification features may be any typeof identification features, whether based on inherent disorder or not.For example, the second set of identification features may include abarcode, optical characters, radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag,a smart chip, magnetic information written on a magnetic medium, etc.

In accordance with embodiments of the invention, the authentication unitmay include at least one reading element, a processing element and acommunication element. If the authentication unit includes just onereading element then that reading element is adapted to read at least afirst signal derived from the first set of identification features and asecond signal derived from the second set of identification features.Alternatively, the authentication unit may include more than one readingelement, where the second reading element is, for example a barcodescanner, an RFID scanner, a smart chip scanner, a sensor adapted tooptical character recognition or a magnetic read head depending on thesecond set of identification features. In some embodiments somecomponents may be shared between the first and the second readingelements.

In various embodiments, the processing element is configured to at leastpartially process the signals derived from the sets of identificationfeatures. In general the processing element includes at least a printedcircuit board assembly (“PCBA”) with a microprocessor unit, memory andfirmware to process the signals intelligently, as discussed above. Theauthentication unit also includes a communication element tocommunicably link with other components of the device in which it ishoused or it may be adapted to communicate directly with aremote/external device or system (e.g. the internet and a remoteserver). Depending on the mode of communication, the communicationelement may include a Bluetooth module, Ethernet module, Wi-Fi module,USB interface, GPIO interface, SPI interface, I2C interface, UARTinterface or RS232 interface. In some variants, the communicationelement is housed on the same PCBA that includes the processing elementand may, in some embodiments, be housed in the microprocessor of theprocessing unit, (i.e. the communication unit and processing unit is oneand the same unit).

The authentication unit in accordance with various embodiments isadapted to be housed inside a device. In its simplest form, the deviceincludes a power source and a housing to hold the authentication unit.In another embodiment, the device may include an external casing withuser interfaces (for example a screen, keyboard, indication lights,buttons, a speaker/buzzer and the like), a central processing unit,internal memory, power management, power source and processing logic(which includes firmware and/or software) to control the functionalityof the device. In yet another embodiment the device may includecommunication modules or interfaces to communicate with other devicessuch as computers and the internet. For a mobile device, the powersource usually is a battery or set of batteries. For a desktop or fixeddevice, generally the power source is a standard line source. In someembodiments, the authentication unit communicates with the device whichin turn communicates with the user and/or external devices, as discussedabove. Alternatively, the device may be a “closed loop” system asdiscussed above.

As discussed above, in many embodiments, the authentication unit may behoused in a single integrated package or scanning module, with thereaders, along with other scanning-related circuitry sharing a singlehousing or other modular arrangement. In some embodiments, however, thereaders may be arranged within a single device, but not within a single,integrated module. FIG. 19A shows such an arrangement, in which a singlereading device 1900 (the casing of which is shown in FIG. 19B) includesa far-field barcode scanner 1902, and a near-field inherent disorderreader 1904 that reads an arrangement of magnetic particles as discussedabove. The two readers still share a common housing (i.e., the housingof the device), and may share electronic components (not shown) of ascanning module for decoding the signals from the two devices.

The authentication unit, the device and, if appropriate, additionaldevices, such as an external computer system, server, or network ofservers including a database or distributed database, are communicablylinked to form a “system” for reading/authenticating/verifying a tag orobject adapted to be identified. Such a system is depicted in FIG. 20,wherein the additional device is shown as being backend server(s) in thefigure. As can be seen, the system 2000 includes a reading device 2010and a backend server or servers 2020. The reading device 2010 mayinclude components 2030, such as a user interface, a keyboard, a PCB, aCPU, a screen, circuitry for external communications, a battery or otherpower source, buttons and/or other user interface elements, firmware orother memory, etc. The reading device also includes an authenticationunit 2040, adapted to read a first signal from a first set of inherentdisorder-based identification features and a second signal from a secondset of identification features, as discussed above.

While the invention has been particularly shown and described withreference to specific embodiments, it should be understood by thoseskilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be madetherein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention asdefined by the appended claims. The scope of the invention is thusindicated by the appended claims and all changes which come within themeaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended tobe embraced.

1. An authentication unit comprising: a near-field reader configured toread a first identification feature based on inherent disorder; and afar-field reader configured to read a second identification feature. 2.The authentication unit of claim 1, wherein the authentication unitfurther comprises a housing, and wherein the near-field reader and thefar-field reader are both contained within the housing.
 3. Theauthentication unit of claim 1, wherein the near-field reader comprisesan optical element, the far-field reader comprises an optical element,and wherein at least one optical element is shared between thenear-field reader and the far-field reader.
 4. The authentication unitof claim 3, wherein the at least one optical element that is sharedbetween the near-field and the far-field reader comprises at least oneof a beamsplitter, a switchable mirror, and a prism.
 5. Theauthentication unit of claim 4, wherein the at least one optical elementthat is shared between the near-field and the far-field reader isfurther configured to affect the polarization of light.
 6. Theauthentication unit of claim 3, wherein the at least one optical elementthat is shared between the near-field and the far-field reader comprisesa lens.
 7. The authentication unit of claim 6, wherein the lens isconfigured to be movable between a position used for near-field readingand a position used for far-field reading.
 8. The authentication unit ofclaim 1, wherein the authentication unit further comprises an imagesensor that is shared by both the near-field reader and the far-fieldreader.
 9. The authentication unit of claim 8, wherein the image sensorcomprises a CMOS image sensor or a CCD image sensor.
 10. Theauthentication unit of claim 8, wherein the image sensor is configuredto be mechanically moved relative to a near-field portion of theauthentication unit and a far-field portion of the authentication unit.11-12. (canceled)
 13. The authentication unit of claim 1, wherein theauthentication unit further comprises a first image sensor and a secondimage sensor, wherein the first image sensor is configured to be used bythe near-field reader to read the first identification feature, and thesecond image sensor is configured to be used by the far-field reader toread the second identification feature.
 14. (canceled)
 15. Theauthentication unit of claim 1, wherein the near-field reader comprisesa first lens, the far-field reader comprises a second lens, and whereinthe first lens and the second lens are arranged in a fixed spatialrelationship to each other.
 16. The authentication unit of claim 1,further comprising a proximity sensor having a first state and a secondstate, wherein the authentication unit is configured to activate thenear-field reader when the proximity sensor is in the first state, andto activate the far-field reader when the proximity sensor is in thesecond state. 17-20. (canceled)
 21. The authentication unit of claim 1,wherein the first identification feature based on inherent disordercomprises a disordered arrangement of magnetic or magnetisable particlesincluded in a magnetic fingerprint region of a tag or object.
 22. Theauthentication unit of claim 21, wherein the authentication unitcomprises a magneto-optical substrate configured to permit thedisordered arrangement of magnetic or magnetisable particles in themagnetic fingerprint region to be detected optically.
 23. Theauthentication unit of claim 21, wherein the near-field reader isfurther adapted to read an optical feature that overlaps with themagnetic fingerprint region on the tag or object. 24-28. (canceled) 29.The authentication unit of claim 1, wherein the near-field readerconfigured to read a first identification feature based on inherentdisorder is selected from a reader that reads features of the inherentdisorder of fibers within paper, a bubble tag reader, a reader forrandomly distributed quantum dots or nanobarcodes, a reader for anon-magnetic or weakly magnetic matrix material containing magneticparticles arranged in a disordered pattern, a reader for random jitterin the magnetic stripes of credit cards, a reader for randomlydistributed taggant particles that are difficult to detect by unassistedhuman vision, and a reader for magnetic and/or magnetisable and/orconductive and/or semi-conductive and/or optically active particlesand/or optically distinguishable particles.
 30. The authentication unitof claim 29, wherein the far-field reader is selected from a barcodereader, an optical character reader, and an RFID reader.
 31. A scanningmodule comprising: an authentication unit as claimed in claim 1;circuitry configured to receive signals from the authentication unit;and an interface configured to communicate with a host device. 32-35.(canceled)
 36. An authentication unit comprising: a first near-fieldreader configured to read a first identification feature based oninherent disorder; and a second near-field reader configured to read asecond identification feature, wherein the first identification featureand the second identification feature are arranged in a predetermined,non-overlapping spatial relationship to each other. 37-49. (canceled)